Effectively Using Iterators In Rust
In Rust, you quickly learn that vector and slice types are not iterable themselves. Depending on which tutorial or example you see first, you call .iter() or .into_iter(). If you do not realize both of these functions exist or that they do different things, you may find yourself fighting with the compiler to get your code to work. Let us take a journey through the world of iterators and figure out the differences between iter() and into_iter() in Rust.
Iter
Most examples I have found use .iter(). We can call v.iter() on something like a vector or slice. This creates an Iter<'a, T> type and it is this Iter<'a, T> type that implements the Iterator trait and allows us to call functions like .map(). It is important to note that this Iter<'a, T> type only has a reference to T. This means that calling v.iter() will create a struct that borrows from v. Use the iter() function if you want to iterate over the values by reference.
Let us write a simple map/reduce example:
fn use_names_for_something_else(_names: Vec<&str>) {
}
fn main() {
let names = vec!["Jane", "Jill", "Jack", "John"];
let total_bytes = names
.iter()
.map(|name: &&str| name.len())
.fold(0, |acc, len| acc + len );
assert_eq!(total_bytes, 16);
use_names_for_something_else(names);
}
In this example, we are using .map() and .fold() to count the number of bytes (not characters! Rust strings are UTF-8) for all strings in the names vector. We know that the len() function can use an immutable reference. As such, we prefer iter() instead of iter_mut() or into_iter(). This allows us to move the names vector later if we want. I put a bogus use_names_for_something() function in the example just to prove this. If we had used into_iter() instead, the compiler would have given us an error: use of moved value: names response.
The closure used in map() does not require the name parameter to have a type, but I specified the type to show how it is being passed as a reference. Notice that the type of name is &&str and not &str. The string "Jane" is of type &str. The iter() function creates an iterator that has a reference to each element in the names vector. Thus, we have a reference to a reference of a string slice. This can get a little unwieldy and I generally do not worry about the type. However, if we are destructuring the type, we do need to specify the reference:
fn main() {
let player_scores = [
("Jack", 20), ("Jane", 23), ("Jill", 18), ("John", 19),
];
let players = player_scores
.iter()
.map(|(player, _score)| {
player
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
assert_eq!(players, ["Jack", "Jane", "Jill", "John"]);
}
In the above example, the compiler will complain that we are specifying the type (_, _) instead of &(_, _). Changing the pattern to &(player, _score) will satisfy the compiler.
Rust is immutable by default and iterators make it easy to manipulate data without needing mutability. If you do find yourself wanting to mutate some data, you can use the iter_mut() method to get a mutable reference to the values. Example use of iter_mut():
fn main() {
let mut teams = [
[ ("Jack", 20), ("Jane", 23), ("Jill", 18), ("John", 19), ],
[ ("Bill", 17), ("Brenda", 16), ("Brad", 18), ("Barbara", 17), ]
];
let teams_in_score_order = teams
.iter_mut()
.map(|team| {
team.sort_by(|&a, &b| a.1.cmp(&b.1).reverse());
team
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
println!("Teams: {:?}", teams_in_score_order);
}
Here we are using a mutable reference to sort the list of players on each team by highest score. The sort_by() function performs the sorting of the Vector/slice in place. This means we need the ability to mutate team in order to sort. I do not use .iter_mut() often, but sometimes functions like .sort_by() provide no immutable alternative.
I tend to use .iter() most. I try to be very concious and deliberate about when I move resources and default to borrowing (or referencing) first. The reference created by .iter() is short-lived, so we can move or use our original value afterwards. If you find yourself running into does not live long enough, move errors or using the .clone() function, this is a sign that you probably want to use .into_iter() instead.
IntoIter
Use the into_iter() function when you want to move, instead of borrow, your value. The .into_iter() function creates a IntoIter<T> type that now has ownership of the original value. Like Iter<'a, T>, it is this IntoIter<T> type that actually implements the Iterator trait. The word into is commonly used in Rust to signal that T is being moved. The docs also use the words owned or consumed interchangeably with moved. I normally find myself using .into_iter() when I have a function that is transforming some values:
fn get_names(v: Vec<(String, usize)>) -> Vec<String> {
v.into_iter()
.map(|(name, _score)| name)
.collect()
}
fn main() {
let v = vec!( ("Herman".to_string(), 5));
let names = get_names(v);
assert_eq!(names, ["Herman"]);
}
The get_names function is plucking out the name from a list of tuples. I chose .into_iter() here because we are transforming the tuple into a String type.
The concept behind .into_iter() is similar to the core::convert::Into trait we discussed when accepting &str and String in a function. In fact, the std::iter::Iterator type implements std::iter::IntoIterator too. That means we can do something like vec![1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().into_iter().into_iter(). In each subsequent call to .into_iter() just returns itself. This is an example of the identity function. I mention that only because I find it interesting to identify functional concepts that I see being used in the wild.
How for Loops Actually Work
One of the first errors a new Rustacean will run into is the move error after using a for loop:
fn main() {
let values = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
for x in values {
println!("{}", x);
}
let y = values; // move error
}
The question we immediately ask ourselves is "How do I create a for loop that uses a reference?". A for loop in Rust is really just syntatic sugar around .into_iter(). From the manual:
// Rough translation of the iteration without a `for` iterator.
let mut it = values.into_iter();
loop {
match it.next() {
Some(x) => println!("{}", x),
None => break,
}
}
Now that we know .into_iter() creates a type IntoIter<T> that moves T, this behavior makes perfect sense. If we want to use values after the for loop, we just need to use a reference instead:
fn main() {
let values = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
for x in &values {
println!("{}", x);
}
let y = values; // perfectly valid
}
Instead of moving values, which is type Vec<i32>, we are moving &values, which is type &Vec<i32>. The for loop only borrows &values for the duration of the loop and we are able to move values as soon as the for loop is done.
core::iter::Cloned
There are times when you want create a new value when iterating over your original value. You might first try something like:
fn main() {
let x = vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"];
let _ = x
.clone()
.into_iter()
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
}
Exercise for the reader: Why would .iter() not work in this example?
While this is valid, we want to give Rust every chance to optimize our code. What if we only wanted the first two names from that list?
fn main() {
let x = vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"];
let _ = x
.clone()
.into_iter()
.take(2)
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
}
If we clone all of x, then we are cloning all four elements, but we only need two of them. We can do better by using .map() to clone the elements of the underlying iterator:
fn main() {
let x = vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"];
let y = x
.iter()
.map(|i| i.clone())
.take(2)
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
}
The Rust compiler can now optimize this code and only clone two out of the four elements of x. This pattern is used so often that Rust core now has a special function that does this for us called cloned(). This is a recent addition and will be stable in Rust 1.1. Our code now looks something like:
fn main() {
let x = vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"];
let y = x
.iter()
.cloned()
.take(2)
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
}
Iterators Outside of Core
There is a really great crate, called itertools, that provides extra iterator adaptors, iterator methods and macros. If you are looking for some iterator functionality in the Rust docs and do not see it, there is a good chance it is part of itertools. I recently added an itertools::IterTools::sort_by() function so we can sort collections without needed to use a mutable iterator. One of the nice things about working with Rust is that the documentation looks the same across all these crates. The documentation for itertools looks the same as the documentation for Rust std library.